gRPC Authorization in Go

In a gRPC service, every call names a full method such as /library.v1.BookService/DeleteBook. That makes method-level authorization simple: decide which roles may call which methods, and check it in a server interceptor before the handler runs. This tutorial does that in Go with Casbin, for both unary and streaming calls.

1. Define the service

The example is a small library service. Save this as proto/library/v1/library.proto:

proto/library/v1/library.proto

syntax = "proto3";

package library.v1;

option go_package = "example.com/library/gen/library/v1;libraryv1";

service BookService {
  rpc GetBook(GetBookRequest) returns (Book);
  rpc CreateBook(CreateBookRequest) returns (Book);
  rpc DeleteBook(DeleteBookRequest) returns (DeleteBookResponse);
}

message Book {
  string id = 1;
  string title = 2;
}

message GetBookRequest {
  string id = 1;
}

message CreateBookRequest {
  string title = 1;
}

message DeleteBookRequest {
  string id = 1;
}

message DeleteBookResponse {}

Generate the Go code with protoc (or buf generate):

go mod init example.com/library
go install google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go@latest
go install google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc@latest

protoc -Iproto   --go_out=. --go_opt=module=example.com/library   --go-grpc_out=. --go-grpc_opt=module=example.com/library   proto/library/v1/library.proto

go get github.com/casbin/casbin/v3 google.golang.org/grpc

2. Write the model

Save this as model.conf:

[request_definition]
r = sub, method

[policy_definition]
p = sub, method

[role_definition]
g = _, _

[policy_effect]
e = some(where (p.eft == allow))

[matchers]
m = g(r.sub, p.sub) && keyMatch(r.method, p.method)

• r = sub, method: each request is a caller and the full gRPC method name.
• g = _, _: callers can be assigned to roles, and roles to other roles.
• keyMatch lets a rule end in *, so one line can cover every method of a service.

3. Write the policy

Save this as policy.csv:

p, reader, /library.v1.BookService/GetBook
p, librarian, /library.v1.BookService/CreateBook
p, admin, /library.v1.BookService/*

g, librarian, reader
g, admin, librarian

g, alice, admin
g, bob, librarian
g, carol, reader

A reader may call GetBook, a librarian may also call CreateBook, and an admin may call every method of BookService, including methods added later. The g lines between roles build the hierarchy, so each role lists only what is new at its level.

4. Write the interceptors

server/authz.go

package main

import (
    "context"

    "github.com/casbin/casbin/v3"
    "google.golang.org/grpc"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
)

// authorize asks Casbin whether the caller may invoke fullMethod, such as /library.v1.BookService/DeleteBook.
func authorize(ctx context.Context, e *casbin.Enforcer, fullMethod string) error {
    // Replace this with the identity from your authentication layer,
    // such as a verified JWT in the "authorization" metadata or the client's mTLS certificate.
    md, _ := metadata.FromIncomingContext(ctx)
    users := md.Get("x-user")
    if len(users) == 0 {
        return status.Error(codes.Unauthenticated, "missing user")
    }

    allowed, err := e.Enforce(users[0], fullMethod)
    if err != nil {
        return status.Error(codes.Internal, err.Error())
    }
    if !allowed {
        return status.Errorf(codes.PermissionDenied, "%s may not call %s", users[0], fullMethod)
    }
    return nil
}

func UnaryAuthz(e *casbin.Enforcer) grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor {
    return func(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
        if err := authorize(ctx, e, info.FullMethod); err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        return handler(ctx, req)
    }
}

func StreamAuthz(e *casbin.Enforcer) grpc.StreamServerInterceptor {
    return func(srv any, ss grpc.ServerStream, info *grpc.StreamServerInfo, handler grpc.StreamHandler) error {
        if err := authorize(ss.Context(), e, info.FullMethod); err != nil {
            return err
        }
        return handler(srv, ss)
    }
}

Unauthenticated callers get Unauthenticated, and authenticated callers without the permission get PermissionDenied, which is what gRPC clients and gateways expect.

заметка

The x-user metadata keeps the example short. Casbin handles authorization only. In a real service, verify a token from the authorization metadata, or take the identity from the client certificate with peer.FromContext when you use mTLS. If an authentication interceptor already does that, chain it before the authorization interceptor.

5. Register them on the server

server/main.go

package main

import (
    "context"
    "log"
    "net"

    "github.com/casbin/casbin/v3"
    "google.golang.org/grpc"

    libraryv1 "example.com/library/gen/library/v1"
)

type bookService struct {
    libraryv1.UnimplementedBookServiceServer
}

func (bookService) GetBook(ctx context.Context, req *libraryv1.GetBookRequest) (*libraryv1.Book, error) {
    return &libraryv1.Book{Id: req.GetId(), Title: "The Go Programming Language"}, nil
}

func (bookService) CreateBook(ctx context.Context, req *libraryv1.CreateBookRequest) (*libraryv1.Book, error) {
    return &libraryv1.Book{Id: "2", Title: req.GetTitle()}, nil
}

func (bookService) DeleteBook(ctx context.Context, req *libraryv1.DeleteBookRequest) (*libraryv1.DeleteBookResponse, error) {
    return &libraryv1.DeleteBookResponse{}, nil
}

func main() {
    e, err := casbin.NewEnforcer("model.conf", "policy.csv")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }

    s := grpc.NewServer(
        grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(UnaryAuthz(e)),
        grpc.ChainStreamInterceptor(StreamAuthz(e)),
    )
    libraryv1.RegisterBookServiceServer(s, bookService{})

    lis, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":50051")
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    log.Fatal(s.Serve(lis))
}

grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor and grpc.ChainStreamInterceptor accept several interceptors, so logging, metrics, and authentication can be added next to the authorization check.

6. Try it

Start the server:

go run ./server

This client calls every method as four different users:

client/main.go

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "log"

    "google.golang.org/grpc"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/credentials/insecure"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/metadata"
    "google.golang.org/grpc/status"

    libraryv1 "example.com/library/gen/library/v1"
)

func main() {
    conn, err := grpc.NewClient("localhost:50051", grpc.WithTransportCredentials(insecure.NewCredentials()))
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
    defer conn.Close()
    client := libraryv1.NewBookServiceClient(conn)

    for _, user := range []string{"alice", "bob", "carol", "dave"} {
        ctx := metadata.AppendToOutgoingContext(context.Background(), "x-user", user)

        _, getErr := client.GetBook(ctx, &libraryv1.GetBookRequest{Id: "1"})
        _, createErr := client.CreateBook(ctx, &libraryv1.CreateBookRequest{Title: "New book"})
        _, deleteErr := client.DeleteBook(ctx, &libraryv1.DeleteBookRequest{Id: "1"})

        fmt.Printf("%-6s GetBook=%-16v CreateBook=%-16v DeleteBook=%v\n", user,
            status.Code(getErr), status.Code(createErr), status.Code(deleteErr))
    }
}

go run ./client

alice  GetBook=OK               CreateBook=OK               DeleteBook=OK
bob    GetBook=OK               CreateBook=OK               DeleteBook=PermissionDenied
carol  GetBook=OK               CreateBook=PermissionDenied DeleteBook=PermissionDenied
dave   GetBook=PermissionDenied CreateBook=PermissionDenied DeleteBook=PermissionDenied

With grpcurl, pass the user as a header: grpcurl -plaintext -H "x-user: bob" ....

Going further

• Public methods. Health checks and server reflection usually need no user. Return early at the top of authorize for them, for example if strings.HasPrefix(fullMethod, "/grpc.health.v1.Health/") { return nil }.
• Per-record rules. The interceptor sees the method name before the handler runs. Rules that depend on the record, such as "librarians may delete only books from their own branch", belong in the handler after loading the record; see the ABAC tutorial.
• Multi-tenant services. Pass the tenant from metadata as a third argument and use RBAC with domains.
• Store the policy in a database. Replace policy.csv with an adapter, and add a watcher when several replicas serve the same service.
• HTTP APIs. For REST endpoints in Go, see RBAC in Go with Gin.